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The Gesner (Gisner) Family |
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[This section is a work in progress.
There may be genealogical errors. |
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Gesner Index Abraham Gesner
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1. Johan Hendrick Gesner (1681 in Trarbach, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany - 1745/8, Tappan, NY), carpenter and the son of Johann Matthias, married on 7 Feb 1707/08 in Kallstadt, Germany, Anna Elizabeth Smith/Schmidt (c.1680: Kallstadt, Germany - ? in Tappan, NY). It is plausible that Johan Hendrick was related to the notable theologian Andrew Gesner (c.1520-?). Children of Johan Hendrick Gesner and Anna Schmidt include:
About 1705, Johan immigrated with his wife from the Reinish Palatinate first to London, England, where his daughter Margaret "Gerittye" (<1710, England) was born. At about 1810, Johan left for to Holland and then embarked for America with his wife and infant daughter on the English ship Lyon, arriving in New York in on 10-12 June 1710. He took the oath of allegiance on 10 Jan 1715/16.
Swiss-German in origin from the Palatinate of the Rhine, the Gesner family resided for a time in Yonkers, NY, before settling across the Hudson River in the vicinity of Tappan Town, Province of New York. Johan Hendrick Gesner was a miller by profession and operated a mill on the Hackensack River.* The birth of a son, John Henry Gesner, was recorded on 24 May 1724 at Tappan, NY.* In the next year, Johan Gesner purchased land in the Tappan area. It is not clear whether or not Johan lived here. However, his will suggests that this was the same property devised to his wife that subsequently fell to his son, John. The precise location of this land is not known, but was unlikely the same tract in Rockleigh purchased by his son John in 1749. He lived a pious life and adhered to the Lutheran faith. In his will drawn on October 30, 1745, he devised all his property, except one Negro woman, to his wife Anna Elizabeth and provided that at her death the property should go to his son John Henry Gesner. The Negro woman was left to his daughter Margaret, wife of Jacob Valentine of Yonkers, New York Province. The will was proved on July 16, 1748.*
*
Anthon Temple Gesner: "The Gesner Family of New York and Nova
Scotia", 2i. Margaret "Grietye" Gesner (c.1708-?), daughter of Johan & Anna Elizabeth, m. Jacob Valentine (1705 - 9 Jan 1772, Orange Co, NY) of Yonkers, NY, son of John Valentine (1691 in East Chester, NY, - ?), settled in New Jersey. Children of Margaret Gesner & Jacob Valentine included :
*
Anthon Temple Gesner: "The Gesner Family of New York and Nova
Scotia", 2ii. Jan "John" Henry Gesner (25 May 1724, Tappan, NY - 6 Jul 1811, Rockland, Harrington Twp., Bergen Co., NJ), son of Johan & Anna Elizabeth, learned his father's profession, becoming a miller. Like his father, he was a man of comfortable means. In 1744 he married in the Lutheran Church in New York Famitcha Brower (bapt. 17 Dec 1723, Hackensack, NJ - 10 Feb 1788, Rockland, NJ), daughter of Adolphus Brower (son of Jacobus Brower & Annekje Bogardus who was a granddau. of Dominie Bogardus & Aneke Jans of New Amsterdam) & Jannette "Jannetje" Ferdon (dau. of Jacob Ferdon, friend and neighbor of J. Hendrick Gesner). *
* Nicholas
Gesner: The Genealogy of Nicholas Gesner On 1 Jun 1749*, John Henry Gesner purchased property from Henry Ludlow a mile and one-half southeast of Tappan Village and close to the disputed New York-New Jersey line in what is present-day Rockleigh, New Jersey. John and Famitcha began and ended their married life in a house built to the west of Sneden Landing Road, [The site of the house is shown on Robert Erskine's Revolutionary War Map, Number 110, 1788-80.] The house was located to the west of the brook to the west of the DuBois House and about 200 hundred yards southeast from the present James Gowdy House on Piermont Road. (Mary Gowdy, wife of James, was related to the Gesner family through her father, John Gisner Conklin who was a grandson of Elizabeth Gesner-Conklin [3i] and Jacob Concklin.) They would have ten children: i. Elizabeth (1745-1825) m. Jacob Conklin Jr.,
*
Nicholas
Gesner: "The Genealogies of the respective families or Just prior to the Revolutionary War John Henry Gesner was regarded as a citizen of Orangetown, NY—a result of the border dispute—but by the time war broke out, the new boundary ran through their farm with the house lying within New Jersey. Several of his sons belonged to a Tory militia company known as The Kings Orange Rangers that had been raised mainly in Orange County, New York, in 1776 by loyalist Lieutenant John Bayard of Greenwich Village, NY. John Henry, a quiet and religious man, tried to avoid the political controversies associated with the Revolutionary War. He and his wife Famitcha chose to remain neutral at this time. They, like the Snedens refused to sign the Association Articles, suffering the same consequences of being named Tories. In 1777 the family suffered verbal abuse from patriotic neighbors.
New York gave them safe harbor, but they would never return to the old farm again. Isaac found work as a Taylor. Twins Hendrick and Abraham with Jacob went to Staten Island where they cut wood. As members of the Kings Orange Rangers commanded by Colonel Bayard, they served as guards at Powles Point and Hoboken.* *Alice
Munro Haagensen: The Nicholas Gesner Diary. The Revolution ended and the family was irrevocably separated. The twins Hendrick and Abraham were evacuated to and settled in Nova Scotia in 1779 where they started new and illustrious branches of the family name. Jacob was lost at sea. Isaac settled in New York. John Henry Jr. returned to Nyack and continued the Gesner family in the area. On Feb 10th in the winter of 1788 Famitcha died and was buried on a knoll a short distance from the Gesner farm house. From a few remaining letters of John Henry Gesner, his remaining years were long days of sadness. In 1796 he began subdividing his lands. His son Nicholas purchased his lands on the New York side of the boundary. He sold for £875 his house, burying ground and considerable land to the south of the state boundary to to his daughter, Elizabeth, and son-in-law, Jacob Conklin, Jr, for his grandson, Jacob Conklin 3rd.
* [Record of Deeds, Hackensack, NJ]
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The Gesner Shipyard, at the foot of Clinton Avenue, South Nyack, was busiest between 1815 through 1828 when thirteen "Hudson River" sloops were launched: the "Conveyance", "Mary Pamela, Valiant", "Elmira Ann", "Fair Play", "Parthina", "Advocate", "Return", "Ann", "Henry Gesner", "Virginia", "Lady Gesner", and "Carver". |
Typical Hudson River Sloop |
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In 1827, John Henry, Jr. was running the Gesner shipyard when the "Orange" (nee "Nyack") was launched for the Nyack Steamboat Association in which Gesner was a principal. This was the first steamship to provide regular service on a two-day round-trip schedule between Nyack and Manhattan, carrying passengers, cargo, and animals. The shipyard business continued under John G. Perry, the son-in-law of John Henry Gesner, Sr.* * Old Nyack, Nyack National Bank, 1928 3iii. Jacob Gesner (23 Dec 1751-~1780), son of of John Henry Gesner & Famitcha Brower, a Captain in British militia King's Orange Rangers, married Ann Briggs.* He was lost at sea on passage to Nova Scotia.
3iv.
Isaac Gesner
(15 May 1753-?), son
of John Henry Gesner & Famitcha
Brower, settled in New York City with his wife,
Johanna La Farge (Lavidsjer). Their children include:
*
Anthon Temple Gesner: "The Gesner Family of New York and Nova
Scotia", ** Nicholas Gesner Diaries. July 1834. m/s Palisades Free Library. Palisades, NY 3v. Col. Hendrick (Henry) Gesner (10 Nov 1756, Tappan RDC - 13 Oct 1850, Cornwallis, NS), son of John Henry Gesner & Famitcha Brower, joined at sixteen the King's Orange Rangers commanded by Samuel V. Bayard and advanced in rank to Cornel. The KOR saw action in the battles of Kingsbridge Heights and Harlem Heights. After being evacuated from New York City, he settled in Cornwallis, Nova Scotia, on a 400 acre tract granted by the English crown for his loyalist service.* *
Anthon Temple Gesner: "The Gesner Family of New York and Nova
Scotia", About 1796 Henry married 1st on 4 May 1786 Sarah Pineo/Pineau (3 Sep 1768 - 23 Apr 1842), daughter of David Pineo & Rebecca West. The Pineos were French Huguenots who came to Nova Scotia from Lebanon, Connecticut, before the Revolution. The West family was also from Connecticut.
The children of
Henry Gesner & Sarah were: *
Anthon Temple Gesner: "The Gesner Family of New York and Nova
Scotia", Henry married 2nd to Elizabeth Sampson, apparently with no children. 4vi. Dr. Abraham Pineo Gesner (2 May 1797, Cornwallis, NS - 29 Apr 1864, Halifax, NS), son of Henry & Sarah Pineo, married on 31 Jan 1822 Harriet Webster (24 Jul 1801, Tarrytown, NY - 23 Feb 1868, NS), dau of Dr Isaac Webster of Kentville, NS. At the age of 28, Abraham studied Medicine at St. Bartholomew's hospital under Dr. Abernethy and, subsequently, surgery at Guy's hospital in London under Sir Astley Cooper before returning to Nova Scotia in 1824. He settled in Parrsboro to practice medicine and there developed an avid interest in geology.
Dr Abraham Pineo Gesner: Physician, Surgeon, Geologist, Inventor His love for Geology resulted in a career shift. He was appointed Provincial Geologist of the Province of New Brunswick and moved to St. John. By 1852, he had moved into the Gesner Homestead in Cornwallis and resumed the practice of medicine. About 1855, he discovered kerosene as a whale oil replacement for illumination. He emigrated to Williamsburg, NY, where he started a company on Newtown Creek to produce kerosene. Dr Gesner patented the kerosene production process as well as the kerosene lamp. In 1863, he returned to Halifax where he died before assuming a professorship in Geology at Dalhousie University.
Children include: *
Anthon Temple Gesner: "The Gesner Family of New York and Nova
Scotia", 5v. Rev. Abraham Herbert Gesner (25 Jun 1832, Parrsboro, NS - 30 Apr 1895, NY), son of Abraham Pineo Gesner & Harriet Webster, studied for the clergy and was ordained from New York General Theological Seminary in 1859. Subsequently, he held several posts Episcopal posts in the Hudson Valley, upstate New York, and Pennsylvania. He married
1st on 29 Dec 1859 Helen Catlin Dickenson (c.1834, Litchfield,
CT - 5 Mar 1868, West Farms, NY).
Children included: Abraham Herbert married 2nd on 12 Jun 1873 Sarah Adeline Barretto (?-?), dau. of Dr Francis Barretto of NY. There were no children. 6iii. Rev. Anthon Temple Gesner (20 Jul 1865, Le Roy, NY - c. 1935, CT), son of Abraham Herbert Gesner & Helen Dickenson, "was educated at Dr. Holbrook's School, Briar Cliff, St. Stephen's College, Trinity College of which he is graduate B.A. 1890, M.A. 1894, and Berkeley Divinity School, graduate 1893; ordained Deacon 1893 and Priest 1894; Missionary in Minnesota, North Dakota and Montana 1893-1902; Vice-Rector of Shattuck [MN] Military School 1902-1907; Instructor and Professor of Ethics and Evidence 1902-1907 in Seabury Divinity School, Fairbault, Minnesota, and now holding a similar professorship in the Berkeley Divinity School, Middletown, Connecticut; an occasional writer on religious and scientific subjects; author of genealogies of the GESNER* and DICKINSON families."** *
Anthon Temple Gesner: "The Gesner Family of New York and Nova
Scotia",
Anthon
married 14 Jun 1893 Blanche Louise Pinninger (16 Sep 1872,
Chippenham, Wiltshire, England - ?). Children included: *
Anthon Temple Gesner: "The Gesner Family of New York and Nova
Scotia", 5v. Brower Gesner (13 Nov 1834, Parrsboro - Nov 1874, NYC), son of Abraham Pineo Gesner & Harriet Webster, m. Frances A. Field, of NYC. The Civil War broke out while he was a student surgeon at the College of Physicians & Surgeons of Columbia University. He served the Union 2nd Artillery Corps as a military surgeon. After the war he was awarded the rank Lieut. Colonel. He made his home in Bay Ridge, NY.* *
Anthon Temple Gesner: "The Gesner Family of New York and Nova
Scotia", 3vi Maj. Abraham Gesner (10 Nov 1756, Tappan RDC - 29 Apr 1824), Henrick's twin brother), son of John Henry Gesner & Famitcha Brower, joined at sixteen the King's Orange Rangers commanded by Samuel V. Bayard. The KOR saw action in the battles of Kingsbridge Heights and Harlem Heights. He was with Sir Henry Clinton in his northern expedition, and present at the storming and taking of Fort Montgomery. After purchasing his commission from a Captain Bethel, he rose to Major. He sought refuge with the British army in 1776 and was evacuated to Nova Scotia with the King's Orange Rangers in 1779. Attached to the Halifax garrison, the KOR mission was to deter rebel privateer raids. Upon disbandment of the KOR in 1783, after the Revolutionary War, he settled in Belle Isle, Nova Scotia where he received from the English government a land grant of approximately 400 acres. There he married Elizabeth Steadman (20 Dec 1767 - 1848) of Cornwallis, NS. (The Stedman's were from Kingston, RI, who settled in Annapolis Royal before the revolutionary war.) Later he accepted appointment to the bench of the Inferior Court of Common Pleas.* *
Anthon Temple Gesner: "The Gesner Family of New York and Nova
Scotia",
Abraham and Elizabeth were to have eleven children while living at Belle
Isle: *
Anthon Temple Gesner: "The Gesner Family of New York and Nova
Scotia",
3vii.
Cornelius Gesner
(1 Feb 1761 - 7 Sep 1790),
son of John Henry Gesner & Famitcha
Brower, married 15 May 1786 (DRC, Tappan)*, Catrina "Jenny" Concklin and had two children:
*Record of Marriages, DRC, Tappan, NY. www.dutchdoorgenealogy.com 3viii. Col. Nicholas Gesner (10 Dec 1765 - 20 May 1858, Palisades, NY, Cem.), the 8th child of John Henry Gesner & Famitcha Brower, grew up on the Gesner farm and was too young to be actively involved in the Revolutionary War. He grew up in an exciting place at a turbulent time. On 14 April 1789 married Gracey Post (3 Oct 1764 - 1 Feb 1848, Palisades, NY, Cem.), daughter of Abraham Post & Rebecca Gracey of Tappan, New York.
* Michel Rebic and Alice
Gerard: Historic Houses of Palisades, New York. During August 1796, John Gesner sold to his son, Nicholas, two parcels of approximately 31 acres where Nicholas had built his house. A deed of 3 August 1796 describes the sale from John Gesner to Nicholas Gesner of about an acre in Harrington Twp, NJ, [now Rockleigh] - the land where Nicholas had built his house. A second deed dated 30 August 1796 describes about 31acres in the "Rockland area" of Orangetown, NY, [now Palisades, NY], contiguous with the first parcel. A steep lane connected his father John Henry's farm in the valley [now Rockleigh] and his farm on the Palisades plateau. Parts of this old lane exist, misspelled as Gerson Lane, in Rockleigh and Indian Hill Lane in Palisades, New York. [A scrawled Gesner could have been seen as Gerson.] The
children of Nicholas Gesner & Gracey Post included:*
*
Nicholas Gesner: "The Genealogies of the respective families or Nicholas was an avid diarist who chronicled life daily life in Palisades and Rockland between 1829 and 1850. Author Carl Nordstrom, who studied the Gesner Diaries, characterized Nicholas:
As early as 1798, he appears on the lists of the Rockland Co. Militia as ensign. By 1811 he appears in Rockland County Regiment under Lieut. Col. Blauvelt, and by 1816 had been appointed colonel of the 160th N.Y. Regiment. During this period, Nicholas was also a machinist, inventing an innovative loom for weaving double-faced Dutch blankets.*
*
Anthon Temple Gesner: "The Gesner Family of New York and Nova
Scotia", |
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Nicholas also was instrumental is constructing a Reformed Methodist Church (Gesner Hall) in Palisades at the south east corner of Closter and Oak Tree Roads, where the new Post Office stands. After Nicholas Gesner died, in 1858, the Reformed Methodist movement lost interest in the area and Gesner Hall became initially the parsonage for the ME Church and later a private home before burning down in 1885. The location was known as Gesner Corners.* *Alice Munro
Haagensen:
Palisades and Snedens Landing, page 68. |
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Patriarch, Nicholas
Gesner (1765-1858) |
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1850 US
Census: NY > Rockland Co > Orange Town > p.403 [Image 35] 4i William Herbert Gesner (10 July 1790 - 4 Feb 1866), shoemaker, son of Nicholas Gesner & Gracey Post, was to come into a tract of former John Henry Gesner lands on both sides of Carterette (Piermont) Road between the properties of John Gesner Conklin on the north and Joseph Dubois to the south.* In 1812 he was listed as Lieutenant in the 83rd N.Y. Rgt.
*
Reginald
McMahon: Carterette Road as "Laid Out", October 4, 1858 He married (DRC, Tappan) on 30 May 1814 Mary Ann (Marian) Mann (1 Dec 1798 - 22 Nov 1883), daughter of George Mann Jr & Helen Allvord.
W.
Herbert and MaryAnn had ten children, including:
Nicholas
Gesner: "The Genealogies of the respective families or
Nicholas
Gesner: Gesner Diaries . In 1832 W. Herbert bought from George Mann the house on the southwest corner of Oak Tree and Closter roads in Palisades, NY. From 1832 they resided in the Herbert Gesner House (now the Palisades Free Library, c.1874) where he operated a cobbler shop.*
Earlier, Herbert had suffered an accident that resulted in the loss of his leg. In 1832, his father penned:
* Nicholas Gesner Diaries. 19 June 1832.
The 1850
census lists in Palisades William H. Gesner (60, Pedler),
Mary Ann (51), David S. (23). Matilda (18), Herbert (17).*
*1850
Census, Orangetown, Rockland Co., NY. p 403 (202).
5i.
Amelia Helen Gesner
(11 Apr 1815 -12 Apr
1901), daughter of
William Herbert
Gesner & Marianne Mann, wed on 15 Jan 1831* David A. Haring (1810-?), eldest son of
Abraham D. & Letitia Haring, in 1831. They lived in Tappan across from
the Tappan Dutch Reformed Church. They had four children:
*Record of Marriages, DRC, Tappan, NY. www.dutchdoorgenealogy.com
5ii.
William Nicholas Gesner
(19 February 1817-c.1910, Whitneyville, CT), son of
William Herbert Gesner & Marianne
Mann, m. Margaret Taylor Paton
(?-?, Maine), dau of George Paton
& Mary McLean. They had seven children:
*
Anthon Temple Gesner: "The Gesner Family of New York and Nova
Scotia",
*G.P.
Gesner letter of 3 Jun 1909 to
* Diaries of Nicholas Gesner. m/s, Palisades Free Library, Palisades, NY
* Diaries of Nicholas Gesner. m/s, Palisades Free Library, Palisades, NY
*George
Paton
Gesner letter of 3 Jun 1909 to
5iii.
George Mann
Gesner
(25 Feb 1819->1900), son of
William
Herbert Gesner & Marianne Mann, m. on 5 Jul 1842 Mary Paton, daughter of George Paton
& Mary McLean-Paton. Children include: The 1850 census lists in Palisades George M. Gesner (32, Baker), Mary (28), George H (7), Charles W. (5), Robert M. (3), Francis (1), all residing with parents, William H. & Mary Ann Gesner.* The 1900 census lists George M as living with his son, Francis in New Haven, CT. *1850 Census, Orangetown, Rockland Co., NY. p 403 (202). 5viii. Eugene Gesner (9 Oct 1830-?), son of William Herbert Gesner & Marianne Mann, ship carpenter, m. Martha -?- (?, NJ - ?). They moved into the Herbert Gesner house after his father died. The 1870 census lists Eugene (39, shipbuilder), Martha J. (30, keeping house), Ida E. (13), David H. (10), Winona (8), Eugenia (5), Henry (4), Jonas (1).
5ix.
Matilda Gesner
(26 Oct 1831-?),
daughter of
William Herbert Gesner
& Marianne Mann, married on 23 Jul 1854* at the Palisades M.E. Church Abraham/Abram Van Wart,
(c.1832-?) watchmaker and jeweler of Tappan, NY.
[ This marriage in the
Palisades M.E. must have grated on her grandfather, Nicholas, who
consistently railed against the M.E. church and even established his own
Methodist church in Palisades.] They lived in the
Matilda Gesner House that was
built at 679 Oak Tree Road, in Palisades, in 1870 on the lands of
Herbert Gesner.** Upon the death of her father, Herbert, in 1866 she
opened a jewelry store in the former cobbler shop of the Herbert
Gesner House.** They had children:
* B y Rev. W.
Chamberlin, Records
of the Palisades M. E. Church. 6v. Sylvester Gesner Van Wart (?-?) married 31 December 1890 Maria Durie Demarest (?-?), daughter of Jacob J. Demarest & Margaret Durie (Daughter of Nicholas Durie). Sylvester built a house for the family at the corner of Legion Road & Demarest Avenue, in Closter, NJ. [Children: a daughter, Madeline D. Van Wart (?-1974), who graduated Cooper Union Art Institute and never married, but lived her life in the house in Closter in which she was born.] 4ii. Nicholas Gesner, Jr. (6 Feb 1794 - 1820), son of Nicholas Gesner & Gracey Post, was a ship builder. He had no descendents.*
*
Nicholas
Gesner: "The Genealogies of the respective families or 4iii. Sarah "Sally" Gesner (27 Jun 1796 - 1854), daughter of Nicholas Gesner & Gracey Post, on 28 May 1817 m. neighbor 4th Jonathan Lawrence (10 Sep 1795 - 26 Oct 1883), son of 3rd Jonathan Lawrence & Mary Mann of Palisades, who would join with Samuel Sneden to form the renowned Lawrence & Sneden Shipyard in Greenpoint, Brooklyn.
* Diaries of Nicholas Gesner. m/s, Palisades Free Library, Palisades, NY
Jonathan Lawrence & Sally Gesner had five
children:
**Nicholas
Gesner: Gesner Diaries .
Nicholas
Gesner: "The Genealogies of the respective families or *** Alice Munro
Haagensen: "Palisades and Snedens Landing,", page 175, 212. 4iv. Jacob Gesner (17 Apr 1806 - Aug 1884*), son of Nicholas Gesner & Gracey Post, lived for a time in the Joshua Martin House at 75 Washington Spring Road in Snedens Landing.** He married 1st on 15 Oct 1831 Elizabeth "Bets" Cooper (15 May 1807 - 25 Nov 1864*), daughter of Lucas & Cathlyntje "Tyne" Cooper and sister of Albert "Obb" Cooper [see Cooper Family], then married 2nd on 20 May 1867 at Newark Henrietta Clark (7 Dec 1839-?), dau of James H. Clark.
*
Tombstone, Maple Grove Cem., New Hempstead, Rockland Co., NY Nicholas and Jacob appear not to have got along. Nicholas did not attend his son's wedding and Jacob was occasionally critical of his father, Nicholas, for his treatment of Gracy - this inferred from an entry in the diary:
* Nicholas Gesner Diaries: 15 October 1831. m/s Palisades Free Library, Palisades, NY.
* Nicholas Gesner Diaries: 6 June 1832. m/s Palisades Free Library, Palisades, NY.
Jacob was father of
seven children with Bets Cooper:
* Gravestone,
Maple Grove Cem., Hempstead, Rockland Co., NY
In 1838, Jacob went to Williamsburg, NY, engaged in shipbuilding. However, he was back in Palisades by 1842 where upon he reinforced his father's ire by joining the M.E. Methodist Church. Later, Jacob became a Baptist minister.*
*
Nicholas
Gesner: Gesner Diaries .
Jacob
was father of three children with Henrietta Clark (?-?):
*
Anthon Temple Gesner: "The Gesner Family of New York and Nova
Scotia", Winthrop S. Gilm,an: "Local History" ms #129A. Palisades Free Library
3ix. Femmetje (Phebe) Gesner (31 Mar 1768- 9 Feb 1821), daughter of John Henry Gesner & Famitcha Brower, wed on 1 Jun 1789 Peter Willsey/Wilsee (1767-?). It appears likely that they built what is termed the "Old" Woolsey/Willsey House and later called the Willsey-Bolting House, close by the New York-New Jersey border in what is now Palisades, NY.
Their eight children were:
*
Anthon Temple Gesner: "The Gesner Family of New York and Nova
Scotia", Nicholas
Gesner: The Genealogy
of Nicholas Gesner |
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Written and compiled by E.
W. April, 2002 |
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Then in 1793,
Nicholas built a
farmhouse (the Nicholas Gesner
House) on his father's land (now 95 Closter Road, Palisades,
NY), practically straddling the New York-New
Jersey Border.* Gracey planted an oak tree in the front yard that
stands magnificently in 2008.Written and compiled by E. W. April, 2002